2012 XM55 Goldstone Radar Observations Planning


Background


2012 XM55 was discovered by the Mt. Lemmon Survey on December 8, 2012.  
Nothing is known about this object other than its absolute magnitude of 27.8, which 
suggests a diameter within a factor of two of only 14 meters.  As such, it's one of the
smallest NEAs we've ever tried to observe at Goldstone. 

2012 XM55 is on the "NHATS" list of potential human mission targets, so there's considerable 
interest in improving its orbit and understanding its physical properties. 

2012 XM55 will approach within 0.00783 AU (3.0 lunar distances) on Decmeber 23.  We're 
going to observe it during time already scheduled for Toutatis on Dec. 20-22 when the SNRs
should be sufficient to get a detection.

The round-trip light travel times will be unusually short and less than 10 seconds.
Normally we'd receive at DSS-13 in situations like this, but the SNRs would be too weak
to see an echo if we did that, so we're going to do these observations monostatically even
though the round-trip times will be as short as 8 seconds.  

Thank you to the many people who responded to our request for astrometry and who
observed this object!

Orbital and Physical Characteristics  
 orbit type               Apollo
 semimajor axis           1.102 AU     
 eccentricity             0.135
 inclination              1.3 deg       
 perihelion distance      0.953 AU     
 aphelion distance        1.251 AU     
 absolute magnitude (H)   27.8
 diameter                ~14 meters   (within a factor of two)
 rotation period          unknown
 pole direction           unknown
 lightcurve amplitude     unknown
 spectral class           unknown

Last update: 2012 December 19

Discovery MPEC

M.P.E.C. 2012-X47                                Issued 2012 Dec. 10, 20:49 UT

     The Minor Planet Electronic Circulars contain information on unusual
         minor planets and routine data on comets.  They are published
   on behalf of Commission 20 of the International Astronomical Union by the
          Minor Planet Center, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory,
                          Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.

             Prepared using the Tamkin Foundation Computer Network

                              MPC@CFA.HARVARD.EDU
            URL http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/    ISSN 1523-6714

                                   2012 XM55

Observations:
     K12X55M* C2012 12 08.27998 04 27 49.06 +23 37 38.1          20.8 VrEX047G96
     K12X55M  C2012 12 08.28591 04 27 48.02 +23 38 00.4          20.3 VrEX047G96
     K12X55M  C2012 12 08.29262 04 27 46.80 +23 38 25.6          20.1 VrEX047G96
     K12X55M  C2012 12 08.29856 04 27 45.75 +23 38 48.0          20.7 VrEX047G96
     K12X55M  C2012 12 08.33575 04 27 39.33 +23 41 04.1          20.4 VrEX047G96
     K12X55M  C2012 12 08.33735 04 27 39.06 +23 41 09.9          21.1 VrEX047G96
     K12X55M  C2012 12 08.33895 04 27 38.80 +23 41 15.1          20.3 VrEX047G96
     K12X55M KC2012 12 08.34855 04 27 37.36 +23 41 53.0          20.8 RoEX047291
     K12X55M KC2012 12 08.34967 04 27 37.14 +23 41 57.1          20.8 RoEX047291
     K12X55M KC2012 12 08.35079 04 27 37.01 +23 42 00.7          20.4 RoEX047291
     K12X55M  C2012 12 09.30868 04 26 49.81 +24 47 05.9          20.0 VrEX047G96
     K12X55M  C2012 12 09.30925 04 26 49.81 +24 47 08.4          20.2 VrEX047G96
     K12X55M  C2012 12 09.30980 04 26 49.66 +24 47 10.9          20.0 VrEX047G96
     K12X55M  C2012 12 09.31038 04 26 49.56 +24 47 13.6          20.5 VrEX047G96
     K12X55M KC2012 12 09.99207 04 26 07.91 +25 37 10.8          20.2 RtEX047204
     K12X55M KC2012 12 10.00484 04 26 09.29 +25 37 41.6                uEX047J95
     K12X55M KC2012 12 10.01102 04 26 08.33 +25 38 09.5                uEX047J95
     K12X55M KC2012 12 10.01412 04 26 04.10 +25 38 49.5                tEX047204
     K12X55M KC2012 12 10.01715 04 26 07.30 +25 38 37.7          19.9 RuEX047J95
     K12X55M  C2012 12 10.29686 04 25 50.91 +26 03 07.6          19.8 VrEX047G96
     K12X55M  C2012 12 10.30178 04 25 49.80 +26 03 31.4          20.6 VrEX047G96
     K12X55M  C2012 12 10.30670 04 25 48.86 +26 03 54.5          20.5 VrEX047G96
     K12X55M  C2012 12 10.31163 04 25 47.82 +26 04 17.6          20.2 VrEX047G96

Observer details:
204 Schiaparelli Observatory.  Observer L. Buzzi.  0.38-m f/6.8 reflector
    + CCD.
291 LPL/Spacewatch II.  Observer T. H. Bressi.  1.8-m f/2.7 reflector + CCD.
G96 Mt. Lemmon Survey.  Observer R. E. Hill.  Measurers A. Boattini,
    E. J. Christensen, A. R. Gibbs, A. D. Grauer, R. E. Hill, J. A. Johnson,
    R. A. Kowalski, S. M. Larson, R. H. McNaught.  1.5-m reflector + CCD.
J95 Great Shefford.  Observer P. Birtwhistle.  0.40-m f/6.0 Schmidt-Cassegrain
    + CCD.

Orbital elements:
2012 XM55                                                Earth MOID = 0.0083 AU
Epoch 2012 Sept. 30.0 TT = JDT 2456200.5                MPC
M 254.12361              (2000.0)            P               Q
n   0.85543940     Peri.   60.56689     -0.70590277     -0.70788312
a   1.0990309      Node    74.35769     +0.64070859     -0.65292640
e   0.1302139      Incl.    1.46094     +0.30198308     -0.26942273
P   1.15           H   27.8           G   0.15           U   7
Residuals in seconds of arc
121208 G96  0.4+  0.3-    121208 291  0.6-  0.4+    121210 J95  0.5+  0.2-
121208 G96  0.5+  0.4-    121208 291  0.1+  0.0     121210 204  0.0   0.4+
121208 G96  0.0   0.4-    121209 G96  1.3-  0.4-    121210 J95  0.3+  0.0
121208 G96  0.1-  0.2-    121209 G96  0.2+  0.3-    121210 G96  0.1-  0.1-
121208 G96  0.3+  0.2+    121209 G96  0.4-  0.1-    121210 G96  1.1-  0.2+
121208 G96  0.3+  0.3+    121209 G96  0.3-  0.2+    121210 G96  0.1+  0.1-
121208 G96  0.5+  0.2-    121209 204  0.1+  0.1+    121210 G96  0.1-  0.3-
121208 291  0.2-  0.3+    121210 J95  0.3-  0.2+

Ephemeris:
2012 XM55                a,e,i = 1.10, 0.13, 1                   q = 0.9559
Date    TT    R. A. (2000) Decl.     Delta      r     Elong.  Phase     V
2012 11 10    04 31 52.1 +14 02 12   0.08493 1.0695   158.0    20.3    23.6
...
2012 11 25    04 33 26.1 +16 13 29   0.05129 1.0378   171.6     8.0    22.0
...
2012 12 03    04 31 06.1 +19 28 09   0.03615 1.0218   176.9     3.0    20.9
...
2012 12 09    04 27 11.6 +24 26 03   0.02580 1.0104   171.4     8.4    20.5
2012 12 10    04 26 13.3 +25 39 55   0.02416 1.0086   170.0     9.8    20.4
2012 12 11    04 25 06.9 +27 04 13   0.02255 1.0068   168.4    11.3    20.3
...
2012 12 17    04 12 38.6 +42 01 48   0.01361 0.9963   154.0    25.6    19.6
...
2012 12 25    17 39 07.5 +66 34 25   0.0080440.9836    90.2    89.3    20.4
...
2013 01 09    16 41 54.3 +04 51 48   0.02741 0.9651    47.4   131.4    25.8

A. U. Tomatic                (C) Copyright 2012 MPC           M.P.E.C. 2012-X47 


SNR Calculation

Target Name:   2012 XM55

2012XM55:  D = 0.01 km,  P = 0.5000 hr,  OC albedo = 0.100

Goldstone:  G =  0.94 K/Jy,  Tsys = 18.0 K,  P = 430 kW,  elev >= 30.00 deg,  unhopped
            t_down = 4 s,    t_switch = 4 s

 start date    window     RA, dec   dist    runs        SNR   SNR/run
2012 Dec 17  23:39-12:45   62, +48  0.012   1707         51         1
2012 Dec 18  23:09-12:58   60, +54  0.011   1969         76         2
2012 Dec 19  22:27-13:23   57, +60  0.010   2325        114         3
2012 Dec 20  21:16-14:35   52, +69  0.009   2899        167         3
2012 Dec 21  18:30-11:25   38, +77  0.008   4213        241         4
2012 Dec 22  17:59-07:54  348, +83  0.008   4361        284         5
2012 Dec 23  13:21-03:15  285, +79  0.008   4411        294         5
2012 Dec 24  12:52-06:54  266, +69  0.008   3195        245         5
2012 Dec 24  09:33-03:13  266, +69  0.008   3195        245         5
2012 Dec 25  11:18-01:49  260, +58  0.008   2556        190         4
2012 Dec 26  11:48-01:00  257, +49  0.009   2165        136         3
2012 Dec 27  12:05-00:26  255, +41  0.010   1865         92         2
2012 Dec 28  12:17-00:00  254, +34  0.011   1623         62         2
2012 Dec 29  12:24-23:40  253, +29  0.012   1425         42         1

Note: this object is circumpolar at Goldstone, so we set the horizons = 30 deg
in order to split up the tracks.  The rise-set times above are inaccurate on
days when when XM55 is circumpolar.   PRDX files were also adjusted to deal
with rise-set issues.

Goldstone SNRs assume Ptx = 430 kW  and Tsys = 18 K


Track Assignments


Goldstone tracks:

        UT         UT          PDT                    Duration   Round-trip     
DOY     Date       TX Window   TX Window              hh:mm      time (sec)   SNR/Run 
---     ----       ---------   ---------              ---------  ---------    -------
355   Dec 20      0535 1015    2135-0215  Dec 19-20    4:40        9.6          3       Entirely overlaps Toutatis  
356   Dec 21      0705 1155    2305-0355  Dec 20-21    4:50        8.7          4       Entirely overlaps Toutatis
357   Dec 22      0550 1205    2150-0405  Dec 21-22    6:15        8.1          5       Entirely overlaps Toutatis

With such short round-trip times, during monostatic observations, we'll have to throw out about
4 seconds of data during switching from transmit to receive.  

The Dec. 21 and 22 tracks also overlap time for Apophis. 

There are no tracks scheduled at Arecibo.


Uncertainties

From Jon Giorgini, 2012 Dec. 19:

Updating 2012 XM55 to use the latest 60 optical measurements
from Dec 8-19, 2012 (including the e-mailed data from L. Buzzi
(site 204), the orbit solution and files on aardvark were
updated to .s13.

Formal 3-sigma X-band uncertainties for .s13:

 Date__(UT)__HR:MN  POS_3sigma   DOP_X_3sig  RT_delay_3sig
 2012-Dec-19 00:00       3.328       309.14       0.031764
 2012-Dec-20 00:00       4.621       263.50       0.028896
 2012-Dec-21 00:00       8.232       205.26       0.026548
 2012-Dec-22 00:00      15.842       133.92       0.024852
 2012-Dec-23 00:00      28.556        52.87       0.023935

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 

From Horizons, 2012 Dec. 18:
JPL/Horizons solution 10 # obs: 52 (9 days):

 Date__(UT)__HR:MN     R.A._(J2000.0)_DEC.            delta POS_3sigma  DOP_S_3sig  DOP_X_3sig  RT_delay_3sig
 2012-Dec-20 00:00 *m   58.33043  58.42121 0.00999562286139      8.532       84.36      306.61       0.033942
 2012-Dec-21 00:00 *m   53.81297  66.41031 0.00906919329543     14.972       65.95      239.70       0.031208
 2012-Dec-22 00:00 *m   42.48957  75.60060 0.00835924377410     26.209       43.52      158.16       0.029224
 2012-Dec-23 00:00 *m  352.55482  83.28409 0.00792285143285     43.286       18.32       66.57       0.028130
 2012-Dec-24 00:00 *m  280.40079  77.64959 0.00780526031856     65.211       10.96       39.83       0.028013

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 

From Jon Giorgini, 2012 Dec 17:

Using 49 optical measurements (Dec 8-15, 2012), 2012 XM55 orbit
solution #9 was estimated and OSOD w/nominal predicts established
on aardvark in the /2012xm55 sub-directory.

Formal 3-sigma X-band uncertainties for .s9:

 Date__(UT)__HR:MN   POS_3sigma   DOP_X_3sig  RT_delay_3sig
 2012-Dec-20 00:00       25.028       325.03       0.036414
 2012-Dec-21 00:00       39.596       255.82       0.033519
 2012-Dec-22 00:00       60.186       173.42       0.031391
 2012-Dec-23 00:00       86.219        89.47       0.030172

There is a day where it doesn't set below 18 degrees elevation,
so I used 18 deg. as the rise-set cut-off. Hopefully that doesn't 
cut into scheduled track time.

**********************************************************************************************

Apparent Magnitudes, Solar Elongations, Lunar Elongations, and Lunar Illumination:

 Date__(UT)__HR:MN     R.A._(J2000.0)_DEC.            delta  APmag    S-O-T /r  T-O-M/Illu%
 2012-Dec-12 00:00      65.96005  28.68614 0.02096616660176  20.21 166.7544 /T  169.0/  2.8
 2012-Dec-13 00:00      65.59018  30.55533 0.01941425276866  20.10 164.8611 /T  167.1/  0.2
 2012-Dec-14 00:00      65.15443  32.73676 0.01789716683451  20.00 162.7246 /T  153.6/  0.7
 2012-Dec-15 00:00      64.63110  35.30539 0.01641982311894  19.89 160.2766 /T  138.8/  4.1
 2012-Dec-16 00:00      63.98590  38.35891 0.01498920662896  19.77 157.4248 /T  124.1/ 10.2
 2012-Dec-17 00:00      63.16153  42.02436 0.01361538000671  19.66 154.0449 /T  110.0/ 18.2
 2012-Dec-18 00:00      62.05566  46.46440 0.01231293208979  19.56 149.9731 /T   96.6/ 27.6
 2012-Dec-19 00:00      60.46795  51.87831 0.01110296584048  19.47 145.0015 /T   84.5/ 37.6
 2012-Dec-20 00:00      57.95040  58.48374 0.01001554904005  19.41 138.8869 /T   74.5/ 47.9
 2012-Dec-21 00:00      53.27119  66.43991 0.00909192768797  19.41 131.3948 /T   67.8/ 57.9
 2012-Dec-22 00:00      41.60098  75.55731 0.00838433696459  19.49 122.4079 /T   66.1/ 67.4
 2012-Dec-23 00:00     351.91443  83.06747 0.00794933998678  19.68 112.1040 /T   70.3/ 76.0
 2012-Dec-24 00:00     281.36794  77.54389 0.00783171369814  20.00 101.0945 /T   79.4/ 83.6
 2012-Dec-25 00:00     264.85375  66.66923 0.00804492065947  20.47  90.3115 /L   91.0/ 89.9
 2012-Dec-26 00:00     259.07002  56.13928 0.00856397273512  21.03  80.6210 /L  102.6/ 94.8
 2012-Dec-27 00:00     256.18375  46.93866 0.00933785691272  21.63  72.4952 /L  112.1/ 98.1
 2012-Dec-28 00:00     254.46562  39.24548 0.01030942414318  22.23  65.9948 /L  118.2/ 99.8

Setups


We're going to start with the CW setup below.  We know nothing about the rotation period,
so we'll start with a standard setup in the hope that it will resolve
the object.

Due to the very short round-trip time, we will NOT hop the transmitter.

3-sigma Doppler uncertainties are still about 260 Hz, so a bandwidth of 4000 Hz
will be sufficient to include the echo.  Obviously the echo could have a significant 
offset from zero Hz.


TX polarization           RCP
RCV polarization          LCP & RCP
Frequency hops:           no hops
Bandwidth:                4000 Hz 
Sampling interval:        2500 x 0.1 usec
VME FFT for PSD files:    4096 for 0.98-Hz resolution 


Ranging setups:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10-usec
baud             10 usec
code            127
PRP            1270 usec
FFT             128   
ncoh              1 
bandwidth       787 Hz   
resolution      6.15 Hz
TXOFF          +100Hz  (echo in bin 64+16=80)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
11-usec 
baud             11 usec
code            127
PRP            1397 usec
FFT             128  
ncoh              1 
bandwidth       716 Hz   
resolution      5.6 Hz
TXOFF          +100 Hz  (echo in bin 64+18=82) 
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1-usec 
baud            1 usec
code            255
FFT             256
ncoh             6
bandwidth        653.6 Hz   
resolution       2.55 Hz
TXOFF           +50 Hz -> echo would be centered at 128 + 20 = 148
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.125-usec imaging
baud            0.125 usec
code            511
FFT             1024
ncoh            150 
bandwidth       104.4  Hz     
resolution      0.1 Hz
TXOFF          +10 Hz -> echo would be centered at 512 + 98 = 610

_____________________________________________________________________
POSSIBLE RANGING SETUPS: (code=127, FFT=64, single-pol'n) 
   These are from JX, w/ max-band (min-acc) options from Ray Jurgens.
   Currently configured for 5-sec records.
_______________________________________________________________________
 Setup        Baud        RP         1-acc 1-acc      
            usec   m      usec        band   res    acc  band     res 
_______________________________________________________________________
 
JX1XS110  11.000 1650    1397.0      715.8  11.2      2   358     5.6
JX1XS070   7.000 1050     889.0     1124.9  17.6      3   375     5.9
                                                      
JX1XS020   2.000  300     254.0     3937.0  61.5     12   328     5.1
                                                      4   984    15.4 

JX1XS010   1.000  150     127.0     7874.0 123.0     41   192     3.0 
                                                      8   984    15.4 

JX1XS005   0.500   75      63.5    15748.0 246.1    123   128     2.0 
                                                     15  1050    16.4 

JX1XS002   0.250   37.5    31.75   31496.1 492.1    492    64     1.0
                                                     30  1050    16.4 
 
JX1XS001   0.125   18.75   15.875  62992.1 984.3   1970    32     0.5 
                                                     60  1050    16.4 
____________________________________________________________________


Instructions

NOTE: Data should be moved to the appropriate subdirectories in aardvark:/export/data0/2012XM55/raw/

2010 JK1 POINTING:

  OSOD and predicts are on aardvark 

The macro below corresponds to solution 9, but we already know that we'll update
it with a new solution before the track on Dec. 20.


WFG:
/export/data3/osod/ops/2012xm55/PRDX.OUT.14v-14-14.s13
                              /PUNCH.OUT.14v-14-14.s13
                              /EPH.OUT.s13


POINTING  
                                                      TX Offsets    
Date (UTC)   DOY  hhmmss    RA        Dec     Macro   LHA     Dec    RTT    OSOD
2012 12 20   355  050000   57.5853 60.1704     A                     9.75   13
2012 12 20   355  060000   57.3207 60.4904     A      0.7    0.9     9.71
2012 12 20   355  070000   57.0512 60.8003     AB                    9.67
2012 12 20   355  080000   56.7847 61.1005      B     0.7    0.8     9.63
2012 12 20   355  090000   56.5283 61.3924      BC                   9.60
2012 12 20   355  100000   56.2887 61.6782       C    0.6    0.8     9.56
2012 12 20   355  110000   56.0707 61.9605       C                   9.52


2012 12 21   356  070000   51.0828 69.1871    A                      8.81   13
2012 12 21   356  080000   50.5641 69.5316    AB      1.2   0.8      8.78
2012 12 21   356  090000   50.0561 69.8661    AB      1.2   0.8      8.76
2012 12 21   356  100000   49.5678 70.1937     BC                    8.73
2012 12 21   356  110000   49.1059 70.5180      C     1.0   0.8      8.70
2012 12 21   356  120000   48.6741 70.8431      C                    8.67


2012 12 22   357  050000   36.8637 77.7437    A                      8.23   13
2012 12 22   357  060000   35.3680 78.1026    A      3.5   0.8       8.20
2012 12 22   357  070000   33.8161 78.4409    AB                     8.19
2012 12 22   357  080000   32.2281 78.7608     B     3.6   0.7       8.17
2012 12 22   357  090000   30.6212 79.0660     BC                    8.15
2012 12 22   357  100000   29.0066 79.3609      C    3.6   0.6       8.13
2012 12 22   357  110000   27.3878 79.6503      CD                   8.11
2012 12 22   357  120000   25.7594 79.9390       D   3.7   0.7       8.10
2012 12 22   357  130000   24.1056 80.2312       D                   8.08

Transmit offsets are given in millidegrees.  


PRDX.OUT.14f-14-14.s13 TRANSMITTER: STATION #14, RECEIVER: STATION #14 RECEIVER U.T. RANGE DOPPLER LHA DEC RA EL 2012 DEC 20 05:30 9.7336841141 96683.903 357.3664 60.3317 57.454 65.036 2012 DEC 20 05:40 9.7269283544 96080.676 359.9175 60.3849 57.410 65.041 2012 DEC 20 05:50 9.7202148143 95479.431 2.4689 60.4378 57.365 64.938 2012 DEC 20 06:00 9.7135433189 94881.121 5.0204 60.4904 57.321 64.728 2012 DEC 20 06:10 9.7069136320 94286.687 7.5720 60.5428 57.276 64.416 2012 DEC 20 06:20 9.7003254466 93697.060 10.1237 60.5948 57.231 64.005 2012 DEC 20 06:30 9.6937783962 93113.156 12.6755 60.6466 57.186 63.500 2012 DEC 20 06:40 9.6872720452 92535.881 15.2273 60.6981 57.141 62.910 2012 DEC 20 06:50 9.6808059005 91966.121 17.7791 60.7494 57.096 62.238 2012 DEC 20 07:00 9.6743794023 91404.744 20.3309 60.8003 57.051 61.493 2012 DEC 20 07:10 9.6679919356 90852.598 22.8825 60.8510 57.006 60.682 2012 DEC 20 07:20 9.6616428216 90310.512 25.4341 60.9014 56.962 59.810 2012 DEC 20 07:30 9.6553313296 89779.290 27.9855 60.9516 56.917 58.884 2012 DEC 20 07:40 9.6490566681 89259.709 30.5367 61.0015 56.873 57.911 2012 DEC 20 07:50 9.6428179971 88752.524 33.0877 61.0511 56.829 56.896 2012 DEC 20 08:00 9.6366144197 88258.458 35.6385 61.1005 56.785 55.844 2012 DEC 20 08:10 9.6304449918 87778.209 38.1890 61.1497 56.741 54.760 2012 DEC 20 08:20 9.6243087239 87312.442 40.7391 61.1987 56.698 53.649 2012 DEC 20 08:30 9.6182045761 86861.791 43.2889 61.2474 56.655 52.514 2012 DEC 20 08:40 9.6121314702 86426.856 45.8383 61.2959 56.612 51.359 2012 DEC 20 08:50 9.6060882819 86008.205 48.3873 61.3443 56.570 50.189 2012 DEC 20 09:00 9.6000738511 85606.369 50.9359 61.3924 56.528 49.005 2012 DEC 20 09:10 9.5940869842 85221.844 53.4840 61.4404 56.487 47.811 2012 DEC 20 09:20 9.5881264488 84855.090 56.0316 61.4882 56.446 46.609 2012 DEC 20 09:30 9.5821909845 84506.528 58.5787 61.5359 56.406 45.402 2012 DEC 20 09:40 9.5762793051 84176.540 61.1253 61.5834 56.366 44.192 2012 DEC 20 09:50 9.5703900937 83865.471 63.6712 61.6308 56.327 42.981 2012 DEC 20 10:00 9.5645220137 83573.625 66.2166 61.6781 56.289 41.772 2012 DEC 20 10:10 9.5586737080 83301.265 68.7614 61.7254 56.251 40.566 2012 DEC 20 10:20 9.5528438052 83048.616 71.3056 61.7725 56.213 39.364

2012 XM55 GOLDSTONE MASTERLOG

============================================================================== Receive TX Setup hops dwell code ncoh FFT runs start -stop OSOD offset Poln Notes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dr. Lance A. M. Benner | PHONE: (818) 354-7412 Mail Stop 183-601 | FAX: (818) 393-4445 Jet Propulsion Laboratory | email: lance.benner@jpl.nasa.gov California Institute of Technology | Plan: To live long and prosper Pasadena, CA 91109-8099 http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/2012XM55/2012XM55_planning.html

Asteroid Radar Astronomy
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