2007 VD12 Planning
2007 VD12 was discovered by the Catalina Sky Survey on November 5, 2007. It will approach within 0.0159 AU (6.2 lunar distances) on November 26 when it will be a very strong radar target. Photometry obtained by Albino Carbognani (Italy) and Bill Ryan (USA) suggests that the rotation period is about 7.43 hours and their 0.5-magnitude lightcurve amplitude reveals an elongated shape. Given its absolute magnitude of 20.0, 2007 VD12 has a diameter that is probably within a factor of two of 320 meters. This object will brighten to about 13th magnitude in late November when it will be a good target for photometric and spectroscopic observations. Due to its diameter and the proximity of its orbit to Earth, 2007 VD12 has been classified as a "Potentially Hazardous Asteroid" by the Minor Planet Center. Goldstone observations are scheduled on November 26 and 27 during times already scheduled for 1989 UR. We intend to observe both objects but will probably devote most of the time to 2007 VD12, which should be much stronger. The 1989 UR planning page is available here.
Orbital and Physical Characteristics orbit type Apollo semimajor axis 1.165 AU eccentricity 0.391 inclination 24.4° perihelion distance 0.709 AU aphelion distance 1.621 AU absolute magnitude (H) 20.0 diameter 320 meters +- a factor of two rotation period 7.43 hours (Carbognani and Ryan, unpublished) pole direction unknown lightcurve amplitude 0.5 mag (Carbognani and Ryan, unpublished) spectral class unknown Last update: 2007 December 04
M.P.E.C. 2007-V59 Issued 2007 Nov. 7, 14:52 UT The Minor Planet Electronic Circulars contain information on unusual minor planets and routine data on comets. They are published on behalf of Commission 20 of the International Astronomical Union by the Minor Planet Center, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A. Prepared using the Tamkin Foundation Computer Network MPC@CFA.HARVARD.EDU URL http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iau/mpc.html ISSN 1523-6714 2007 VD12 Observations: K07V12D* C2007 11 05.37916 05 27 03.31 -17 17 13.1 18.4 V EV059703 K07V12D C2007 11 05.38456 05 27 03.52 -17 17 11.6 18.0 V EV059703 K07V12D C2007 11 05.38998 05 27 03.81 -17 17 09.7 18.1 V EV059703 K07V12D C2007 11 05.39542 05 27 03.99 -17 17 07.9 18.1 V EV059703 K07V12D C2007 11 05.46724 05 27 07.20 -17 16 46.5 18.0 V EV059703 K07V12D C2007 11 05.47397 05 27 07.48 -17 16 44.2 18.0 V EV059703 K07V12D C2007 11 05.48067 05 27 07.77 -17 16 41.9 18.1 V EV059703 K07V12D C2007 11 05.48732 05 27 08.10 -17 16 39.3 18.0 V EV059703 K07V12D C2007 11 07.36513 05 29 06.57 -17 04 18.3 18.6 R EV059711 K07V12D C2007 11 07.36715 05 29 05.76 -17 04 19.7 18.2 R EV059850 K07V12D C2007 11 07.37278 05 29 06.90 -17 04 14.5 18.8 R EV059711 K07V12D C2007 11 07.38042 05 29 07.26 -17 04 10.8 18.5 R EV059711 K07V12D C2007 11 07.38200 05 29 06.43 -17 04 12.5 17.9 R EV059850 K07V12D C2007 11 07.38248 05 29 07.69 -17 04 10.7 18.1 V EV059703 K07V12D C2007 11 07.38698 05 29 07.90 -17 04 09.0 18.2 V EV059703 K07V12D C2007 11 07.39142 05 29 08.08 -17 04 06.8 18.1 V EV059703 K07V12D C2007 11 07.39587 05 29 08.23 -17 04 04.4 18.1 V EV059703 K07V12D C2007 11 07.39688 05 29 07.13 -17 04 05.0 18.3 R EV059850 K07V12D C2007 11 07.41176 05 29 07.85 -17 03 57.5 18.1 R EV059850 Observer details: 703 Catalina Sky Survey. Observer R. A. Kowalski. Measurers E. C. Beshore, A. Boattini, G. J. Garradd, A. R. Gibbs, A. D. Grauer, R. E. Hill, R. A. Kowalski, S. M. Larson, R. H. McNaught. 0.68-m Schmidt + CCD. 711 McDonald Observatory. Observer J. G. Ries. 0.76-m reflector + CCD + prime-focus corrector. 850 Cordell-Lorenz Observatory, Sewanee. Observers D. T. Durig, E. M. Utermohlen, D. L. Trompeter. 0.30-m f/3 Schmidt-Cassegrain + 765x510 CCD. Orbital elements: 2007 VD12 PHA, Earth MOID = 0.0097 AU Epoch 2007 Oct. 27.0 TT = JDT 2454400.5 MPC M 290.24147 (2000.0) P Q n 0.78355043 Peri. 91.97423 -0.81881157 -0.44314535 a 1.1652651 Node 61.89490 +0.20091554 -0.81670344 e 0.3911710 Incl. 24.43789 +0.53775511 -0.36961829 P 1.26 H 20.0 G 0.15 U 9 Residuals in seconds of arc 071105 703 0.1+ 0.3+ 071105 703 0.2+ 0.2- 071107 703 0.2+ 0.2- 071105 703 0.3- 0.2+ 071107 711 0.4+ 0.1+ 071107 703 0.2- 0.1- 071105 703 0.4+ 0.5+ 071107 850 0.4+ 0.1+ 071107 703 1.0- 0.1+ 071105 703 0.4- 0.7+ 071107 711 0.1+ 0.2+ 071107 850 0.2- 0.2- 071105 703 0.3+ 0.6- 071107 711 0.2+ 0.3+ 071107 850 0.1- 0.4- 071105 703 0.0 0.6- 071107 850 0.0 0.1- 071105 703 0.2- 0.5- 071107 703 0.2+ 0.2+ Ephemeris: 2007 VD12 a,e,i = 1.17, 0.39, 24 q = 0.7094 Date TT R. A. (2000) Decl. Delta r Elong. Phase V 2007 11 06 05 27.67 -17 13.2 0.193 1.119 127.6 44.6 18.4 . . . 2007 11 16 05 42.49 -13 52.0 0.0919 1.054 132.7 43.6 16.6 2007 11 17 05 45.30 -12 56.8 0.0820 1.047 133.4 43.3 16.3 2007 11 18 05 48.78 -11 45.2 0.0721 1.040 134.2 43.0 16.0 2007 11 19 05 53.23 -10 09.6 0.0624 1.033 135.0 42.5 15.7 2007 11 20 05 59.16 -07 57.3 0.0527 1.027 136.0 42.0 15.3 2007 11 21 06 07.54 -04 44.5 0.0432 1.020 137.0 41.4 14.8 2007 11 22 06 20.31 +00 16.3 0.0340 1.013 137.8 40.9 14.3 2007 11 23 06 42.09 +08 48.9 0.0254 1.006 137.4 41.6 13.7 2007 11 24 07 26.36 +24 30.7 0.0184 1.000 131.6 47.6 13.1 2007 11 25 09 20.78 +48 30.8 0.0152 0.993 111.8 67.4 13.3 2007 11 26 13 04.70 +57 22.8 0.0180 0.986 86.7 92.2 14.5 2007 11 27 15 09.96 +49 34.2 0.0248 0.979 71.8 106.9 15.9 2007 11 28 15 57.63 +42 47.6 0.0332 0.973 64.1 114.2 17.0 2007 11 29 16 20.56 +38 20.8 0.0423 0.966 59.7 118.1 17.8 2007 11 30 16 33.79 +35 20.6 0.0518 0.959 56.9 120.5 18.4 2007 12 01 16 42.34 +33 12.1 0.0614 0.952 55.0 121.9 18.8 2007 12 02 16 48.29 +31 35.9 0.0711 0.946 53.6 122.9 19.2 2007 12 03 16 52.67 +30 20.9 0.0809 0.939 52.5 123.6 19.5 2007 12 04 16 56.02 +29 20.3 0.0907 0.932 51.6 124.0 19.8 Timothy B. Spahr (C) Copyright 2007 MPC M.P.E.C. 2007-V59
HMag: 20.0 Diameter: 0.32 km (an educated guess assuming H = 20.0 and an S-class optical albedo) Period: 4.4 (Casulli et al., unpublished) ------------GOLDSTONE---------- -------------ARECIBO----------- Max Max Dat Run UTC Dat Run UTC Date RA Decl Delta Runs SNR SNR Window Runs SNR SNR Window 2007 11 20 89 -9 0.059 228 38 3 6:05-13:35 0 0 0 - 2007 11 21 90 -7 0.050 272 74 5 6:00-13:48 0 0 0 - 2007 11 22 93 -3 0.041 333 160 10 5:47-14:05 0 0 0 - 2007 11 23 96 3 0.033 424 420 23 5:42-14:30 78 6767 876 6:00- 7:35 2007 11 24 101 12 0.025 566 1300 58 5:35-15:11 143 27029 2396 5:47- 8:18 2007 11 25 112 27 0.019 700 3900 160 5:30-16:36 175 80949 6530 6:30- 9:00 2007 11 26 138 50 0.016 700 6700 280 6:05-19:23 0 0 0 - 2007 11 27 190 60 0.018 700 4200 170 8:41-23:30 0 0 0 - 2007 11 28 224 53 0.024 700 1600 65 11:24-25:11 0 0 0 - 2007 11 29 237 46 0.032 626 560 25 12:41-25:36 0 0 0 - 2007 11 30 244 41 0.040 497 220 11 13:18-25:41 0 0 0 - 2007 12 1 247 38 0.049 410 100 6 13:41-25:41 34 838 152 16:00-16:41 2007 12 2 250 35 0.058 349 51 3 13:54-25:41 48 677 110 15:41-17:11
2007 VD12 Goldstone Schedule UT UT PST Duration Round-trip DOY Date TX Window TX Window hh:mm time (sec) SNR/Run --- ---- --------- --------- ------- --------- ------- 330 Nov 26 1130-1530 0330-0730 4:00 17 220 331 Nov 27 1130-1530 0330-0730 4:00 21 92 These tracks entirely overlap time scheduled for 1989 UR. We intend to observe both objects but to devote most of our time to 2007 VD12. Round-trip times shown here correspond to values during the actual tracks and differ slightly from values in the SNR Calculation table above (which are for 00:00:00 UTC). This object cannot be observed at Arecibo due to maintenance on the platform. Relative Rotation Phase Coverage
From Horizons, 2007 November 15: JPL/Horizons solution 6, #obs = 57 (9 days) Date__(UT)__HR:MN R.A._(J2000.0)_DEC. Delta POS_3sigma DOP_X-sig RT_delay-sig 2007-Nov-24 00:00 101.22 11.46 0.02502 369.18 5691.90 0.238801 2007-Nov-25 00:00 111.85 27.02 0.01879 761.86 3892.60 0.181156 2007-Nov-26 00:00 137.57 49.32 0.01595 1217.87 262.32 0.136596 2007-Nov-27 00:00 189.33 59.46 0.01818 1073.11 3579.28 0.140485 2007-Nov-28 00:00 223.50 52.86 0.02410 694.40 5560.38 0.185718 2007-Nov-29 00:00 237.10 45.87 0.03167 453.55 6398.90 0.244630 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - From Horizons, 2007 November 18: Solution 9, #obs = 85 (12 days) 2007-Nov-24 00:00 101.21 11.44 0.02502 89.66 3353.66 0.118982 2007-Nov-25 00:00 111.83 27.00 0.01879 191.97 2300.76 0.089378 2007-Nov-26 00:00 137.51 49.29 0.01596 316.65 166.43 0.074903 2007-Nov-27 00:00 189.25 59.46 0.01818 286.52 2087.58 0.085888 2007-Nov-28 00:00 223.46 52.88 0.02409 189.46 3256.61 0.114939 2007-Nov-29 00:00 237.08 45.88 0.03169 125.95 3752.63 0.151302 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - From Jon Giorgini, 2007 November 19: JPL/Horizons solution 10 92 obs, 2007 Nov. 5-18: Date__(UT)__HR:MN POS_3sigma DOP_X-sig RT_delay-sig 2007-Nov-25 00:00 112.130236 2019.07 0.077155 2007-Nov-26 00:00 187.543650 146.24 0.065403 2007-Nov-27 00:00 171.735445 1830.30 0.075378 2007-Nov-28 00:00 114.685138 2856.30 0.100710 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - From Horizons, 2007 November 20: Solution 11, #obs = 110 (15 days) 2007-Nov-24 00:00 101.21 11.45 0.02501 18.95 2228.24 0.077319 2007-Nov-25 00:00 111.82 27.00 0.01878 43.53 1528.97 0.057921 2007-Nov-26 00:00 137.50 49.29 0.01595 76.04 110.23 0.049422 2007-Nov-27 00:00 189.23 59.46 0.01816 72.03 1386.08 0.057091 2007-Nov-28 00:00 223.45 52.88 0.02407 49.39 2163.05 0.076175 2007-Nov-29 00:00 237.08 45.89 0.03166 33.80 2492.74 0.100286 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - From Jon Giorgini, 2007 November 25: 2007 VD12: Additional astrometry was reported last night. With 175 optical measurements spanning 2007-Nov-5 to 2007-Nov-24, 2007 VD12 solution #18 was computed. Formal 3-sigma X-band uncertainties are as shown below. Date__(UT)__HR:MN POS_3sigma DOP_X-sig RT_delay-sig 2007-Nov-25 00:00 1.41639592 859.07 0.033013 2007-Nov-26 00:00 3.75426704 60.44 0.028066 2007-Nov-27 00:00 4.63255409 781.03 0.032074 2007-Nov-28 00:00 3.78527447 1217.89 0.042572 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - From Jon Giorgini, 2007 November 26: The 2007 VD12 solution has been updated to #22. Two more optical measurements were reported, but internal to the data arc so of little impact. With 177 opt. measurements (2007-Sep-5 to 2007-Nov-24), and 2 Doppler, formal 3-sigma uncertainties are summarized below. Date__(UT)__HR:MN POS_3sigma DOP_X-sig RT_delay-sig 2007-Nov-25 00:00 1.19730517 26.52 0.001423 2007-Nov-26 00:00 3.31528579 1.86 0.001196 2007-Nov-27 00:00 4.30461816 27.39 0.001181 2007-Nov-28 00:00 3.66010184 41.24 0.001409 Hourly for experiment: Date__(UT)__HR:MN POS_3sigma DOP_X-sig RT_delay-sig 2007-Nov-27 11:00 4.12060448 35.36 0.001259 2007-Nov-27 12:00 4.08961884 35.92 0.001269 2007-Nov-27 13:00 4.05668075 36.46 0.001279 2007-Nov-27 14:00 4.02209602 36.98 0.001289 2007-Nov-27 15:00 3.98620969 37.47 0.001300 2007-Nov-27 16:00 3.94939041 37.95 0.001311
Plans for the November 27 track: WE WILL START WITH SOLUTION 22 The ephemeris has improved substantially so we will narrow the bandwidth and use the following setup: Initial CW setup ---------------- TX polarization RCP RCV polarization LCP & RCP Frequency hops: 2 Dwell 10 seconds Bandwidth: 4000 Hz Sampling interval: 2500 x 0.1 usec VME FFT for PSD files: 8192 for 0.488-Hz resolution Due to the short round-trip times, we will get only one complete hop per cycle. Our plan is to start with 10 cw runs and then spend the rest of the track doing 1/8 usec imaging. Possible ranging setups: --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 127 x 64 10-usec single sample baud 10 usec code 127 gates 127 PRP 1270 usec FFT 64 CLT VME ? PFS ? ncoh 1 bandwidth 787.4 Hz resolution 12.3 Hz TXOFF +100 Hz -> echo will be centered at +8 bins or in bin 32 + 8 = 40 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 127 x 64 11-usec single sample baud 11 usec code 127 gates 127 PRP 1397 usec FFT 64 CLT VME ? PFS ? ncoh 1 bandwidth 715.8 Hz resolution 11.2 Hz TXOFF +100 Hz --> echo will be centered at +9 bins or in bin 32 + 9 = 41 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 127 x 64 7-usec single sample baud 7 usec code 127 gates 127 PRP 889 FFT 64 CLT VME ? PFS ? ncoh 1 bandwidth 1124.9 Hz resolution 17.6 Hz TXOFF +60 -> echo would be centered at +3.4 bins w/perfect ephemeris ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 127 x 64 1-usec single sample baud 1 usec code 127 gates 127 PRP 127 FFT 64 CLT 4 ncoh 15 bandwidth 525 Hz resolution 8.2 Hz TXOFF +100 -> echo would be centered at +12.2 bins or in bin 32 + 12.2 = 44 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.125-usec ranging setup JX1XS001 revised baud 0.125 usec code 127 gates 127 FFT 64 ncoh 984 bandwidth 64.016384 Hz resolution 1.000256 Hz TXOFF +15 Hz to put echo at 32 + 15 = bin 47 PFS CLT gate ? VME CLT gate ? _____________________________________________________________________ POSSIBLE RANGING SETUPS: (code=127, FFT=64, single-pol'n) These are from JX, w/ max-band (min-acc) options from Ray Jurgens. Currently configured for 5-sec records. _______________________________________________________________________ Setup Baud RP 1-acc 1-acc usec m usec band res acc band res _______________________________________________________________________ JX1XS110 11.000 1650 1397.0 715.8 11.2 2 358 5.6 JX1XS070 7.000 1050 889.0 1124.9 17.6 3 375 5.9 JX1XS020 2.000 300 254.0 3937.0 61.5 12 328 5.1 4 984 15.4 JX1XS010 1.000 150 127.0 7874.0 123.0 41 192 3.0 8 984 15.4 JX1XS005 0.500 75 63.5 15748.0 246.1 123 128 2.0 15 1050 16.4 JX1XS002 0.250 37.5 31.75 31496.1 492.1 492 64 1.0 30 1050 16.4 JX1XS001 0.125 18.75 15.875 62992.1 984.3 1970 32 0.5 60 1050 16.4 ____________________________________________________________________
OSOD and predicts are NOT available at Goldstone on aardvark because we can't access that computer. Instead, we emailed the files and have placed copies accessible from this planning page at: http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/2007VD12/PRDX.OUT.s22 http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/2007VD12/PUNCH.OUT.s22 http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/2007VD12/EPH.OUT.s22 POINTING TX Offsets Date (UTC) DOY hhmmss RA Dec Macro LHA Dec RTT OSOD 2007 11 27 331 110000 209.2632 57.1167 A 20.5 22 2007 11 27 331 120000 210.6730 56.8302 A -0.0080 -0.0017 20.8 2007 11 27 331 130000 212.0171 56.5346 AB 21.0 2007 11 27 331 140000 213.2984 56.2303 B -0.0074 -0.0019 21.3 2007 11 27 331 150000 214.5202 55.9175 BC 21.5 2007 11 27 331 160000 215.6866 55.5968 C -0.0069 -0.0019 21.8 2007 11 27 331 170000 216.8016 55.2687 C 22.1
PRDX.OUT.s22 TRANSMITTER: STATION #14, RECEIVER: STATION #14 RECEIVER U.T. RANGE DOPPLER LHA DEC RA EL 2007 NOV 27 11:30 20.6557599991 -578407.631 271.6388 56.9746 209.976 29.914 2007 NOV 27 11:40 20.6963617265 -580095.935 273.9116 56.9267 210.211 31.069 2007 NOV 27 11:50 20.7370820143 -581790.871 276.1863 56.8786 210.443 32.239 2007 NOV 27 12:00 20.7779213532 -583492.605 278.4628 56.8302 210.673 33.423 2007 NOV 27 12:10 20.8188802123 -585201.276 280.7411 56.7816 210.902 34.620 2007 NOV 27 12:20 20.8599590814 -586916.998 283.0213 56.7327 211.128 35.829 2007 NOV 27 12:30 20.9011584641 -588639.854 285.3032 56.6835 211.353 37.050 2007 NOV 27 12:40 20.9424788564 -590369.901 287.5870 56.6341 211.576 38.281 2007 NOV 27 12:50 20.9839207698 -592107.166 289.8725 56.5845 211.798 39.522 2007 NOV 27 13:00 21.0254847073 -593851.650 292.1598 56.5346 212.017 40.771 2007 NOV 27 13:10 21.0671711708 -595603.322 294.4488 56.4845 212.235 42.028 2007 NOV 27 13:20 21.1089806720 -597362.123 296.7395 56.4341 212.451 43.291 2007 NOV 27 13:30 21.1509136916 -599127.967 299.0320 56.3835 212.665 44.559 2007 NOV 27 13:40 21.1929707387 -600900.736 301.3262 56.3327 212.878 45.831 2007 NOV 27 13:50 21.2351522743 -602680.283 303.6221 56.2816 213.089 47.105 2007 NOV 27 14:00 21.2774587806 -604466.433 305.9196 56.2303 213.298 48.381 2007 NOV 27 14:10 21.3198907136 -606258.981 308.2188 56.1787 213.506 49.655 2007 NOV 27 14:20 21.3624485071 -608057.695 310.5196 56.1269 213.712 50.927 2007 NOV 27 14:30 21.4051325843 -609862.311 312.8220 56.0749 213.916 52.195 2007 NOV 27 14:40 21.4479433555 -611672.540 315.1260 56.0227 214.119 53.456 2007 NOV 27 14:50 21.4908811965 -613488.061 317.4316 55.9702 214.321 54.709 2007 NOV 27 15:00 21.5339464730 -615308.529 319.7388 55.9175 214.520 55.950 2007 NOV 27 15:10 21.5771395122 -617133.571 322.0475 55.8646 214.718 57.177 2007 NOV 27 15:20 21.6204606272 -618962.784 324.3577 55.8115 214.915 58.386 2007 NOV 27 15:30 21.6639100894 -620795.743 326.6695 55.7581 215.110 59.573
2007 VD12 GOLDSTONE MASTERLOG
=================================================================================== Receive offset TX Setup hops dwell code ncoh FFT runs start -stop OSOD (Hz) Poln Notes ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- November 26 = DOY 330 PSD2007330180.2007VD12, VOLT2007330181.2007VD12 CW, 20 kHz 2 10 16384 38 134023-140256 18 none RCP Smeared in Doppler PSD2007330184.2007VD12, VOLT2007330185.2007VD12 CW, 20 kHz 2 10 16384 11 142230-142842 20 none RCP 10 usec 127 1 64 6 150503-150818 20 +100 RCP 11 usec 127 1 64 14 151051-151858 20 +100 RCP 1/8 usec 127 984 256 9 152519-153020 20 +15 RCP - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - November 27 = DOY 331 PSD2007331193.2007VD12, VOLT2007331194.2007VD12 FFT = 4096 PSD2007331195.2007VD12, VOLT2007331196.2007VD12 FFT = 16384 CW, 4 kHz 2 10 16384 34 113030-115507 22 None RCP PSD2007331198.2007VD12, VOLT2007331199.2007VD12 CW, 2 kHz 2 10 16384 5 120308-120624 24 None RCP 1/8 usec 127 984 256 244 123018-152909 24 +15 RCP ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Radar Astrometry ---------------- 2007 11 26 13:50:00 P -264498.575 3.0 8560.D6 -14 -14 Benner, L.A.M & Brozovic, M. Correction of -243 Hz to soln 18 from cw with 1.22 Hz res'n. Bandwidth is about 6 Hz. 2007 11 26 14:30:00 P -278983.8D0 2.0 8560.D6 -14 -14 Benner, L.A.M.,& Brozovic, M. Correction of -2 Hz to solution 20 from 10 cw runs with 1.2 Hz resolution. Bandwidth is about 6 Hz. 2007 11 26 15:10:00 R 16.738594 20.0 8560.D6 -14 Benner, L.A.M. Correction of -178 usec to solution 20 from 10 and 11 usec ranging. 2007 11 27 11:40:00 P -580089.935 1.0 8560.D6 -14 -14 Benner & Brozovic Correction of +6 Hz to soln 22 from 10 cw runs w/0.24 Hz res'n. Bandwidth is about 4 Hz. ==============================================================================
Dr. Lance A. M. Benner | PHONE: (818) 354-7412 Mail Stop 300-233 | FAX: (818) 354-9476 Jet Propulsion Laboratory | email: lance@reason.jpl.nasa.gov Pasadena, CA 91109-8099 | Plan: To live long and prosper http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/2007VD12/html/2007VD12_planning.html